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This is an issue that has plagued the machine learning field since long before this latest generative AI craze. Decision trees you can understand, SVMs and Naive Bayes too, but the moment you get into automatic feature extraction and RBF kernels and stuff like that, it becomes difficult to understand how the verdicts issued by the model relate to the real world. Having said that, I’m pretty sure GPTs are even more inscrutable and made the problem worse.
This may be a dumb question, but why can’t you set the debugger on and step thru the program to see why it branches the way it does?
Because it doesn’t have branches, it has neurons - and A LOT of them.
Each of them is tuned by the input data, which is a long and expensive process.
At the end, you hope your model has noticed patterns and not doing stuff at random.
But all you see is just weights on countless neurons.
Not sure I’m describing it correctly though.
Each of them is tuned by the input data, which is a long and expensive process.
But surely the history of how this data is tuned/created is kept track of. If you want to know how a specific value is created you ideally should be able to reference the entire history of how it changed over time.
I’m not saying this would be easy, but you could have people whose entire job is to understand this and with unlimited amounts of time to do so if it is important enough. And it seems like it would be important enough and such people would be very valuable.
Now that AI is first taking off is exactly the time to establish the precedent that we do not let it escape the understanding and control of humans.
Well the thing is that good AI models aren’t manually tuned. There’s not some poor intern turning a little knob and seeing if it’s slightly more accurate, it happens on its own. The more little knobs there are the better the model is. This means essentially you have no idea how any knob ultimately effects every other knob cause there’s thousands of them and any little change can completely change something else.
Look at “simple” AI for playing like Super Mario World https://youtu.be/qv6UVOQ0F44 shits already pretty complicated and this thing is stupid. It’s only capable of playing the first level
The issue is that the values of the parameters don’t correspond to traditional variables. Concepts in AI are not represented with discrete variables and quantities. A concept may be represented in a distributed way across thousands or millions of neurons. You can look at each individual neuron and say, oh, this neuron’s weight is 0.7142, and this neuron’s weight is 0.2193, etc., across all the billions of neurons in your model, but you’re not going to be able to connect a concept from the output back to the behavior of those individual parameters because they only work in aggregate.
You can only know that an AI system knows a concept based on its behavior and output, not from individual neurons. And AI systems are quite like humans in that regard. If your professor wants to know if you understand calculus, or if the DMV wants to know if you can safely drive a car, they give you a test: can you perform the desired output behavior (a correct answer, a safe drive) when prompted? Understanding how an idea is represented across billions of parameters in an AI system is no more feasible than your professor trying to confirm you understand calculus by scanning your brain to find the exact neuronal connections that represent that knowledge.
“Rumors claim that GPT-4 has 1.76 trillion parameters”
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4
I’m not sure even unlimited time would help understand what’s really going on.
You could build another model to try to decipher te first, but how much could you trust it?
Here’s the summary for the wikipedia article you mentioned in your comment:
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a multimodal large language model created by OpenAI, and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models. It was initially released on March 14, 2023, and has been made publicly available via the paid chatbot product ChatGPT Plus, and via OpenAI's API. As a transformer-based model, GPT-4 uses a paradigm where pre-training using both public data and "data licensed from third-party providers" is used to predict the next token. After this step, the model was then fine-tuned with reinforcement learning feedback from humans and AI for human alignment and policy compliance.: 2 Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous iteration based on GPT-3.5, with the caveat that GPT-4 retains some of the problems with earlier revisions. GPT-4 is also capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT. OpenAI has declined to reveal various technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the precise size of the model.
imagine you have a simple equation:
ax + by + cz
The machine learning part finds values for the coefficients a, b and c.
Even if you stepped through the code, you will see the equation be evaluated just fine, but you still won’t know why the coefficients are the way they are. Oh and there are literally billions of coefficients.
An Artificial Neural Network isn’t exactly an algorithm. There are algorithms to “run” ANNs, but the ANN itself is really a big bundle of equations.
An ANN has an input layer of neurons and an output layer. Between them are one or more hidden layers. Each neuron in one layer is connected to each neuron in the next layer. Let’s do without hidden layers for a start. Let’s say we are interested in handwriting. We take a little grayscale image of a letter (say, 16*16 pixels) and want to determine if it shows an upper case “A”.
Your input layer would have 16*16= 256 neurons and your output layer just 1. Each input value is a single number representing how bright that pixel is. You take these 256 numbers, multiply each one by another number, representing the strength of the connection between each of the input neurons and the single output neuron. Then you add them up and that value represents the likelihood of the image showing an “A”.
I think that wouldn’t work well (or at all) without a hidden layer but IDK.
The numbers representing the strength of the connections, are the parameters of the model, aka the weights. In this extremely simple case, they can be interpreted easily. If a parameter is large, then that pixel being dark makes it more likely that we have an “A”. If it’s negative, then it’s less likely. Finding these numbers/parameters/weights is what training a model means.
When you add a hidden layer, things get murky. You have an intermediate result and don’t know what it represents.
The impressive AI models take much more input, produce much more diverse output and have many hidden layers. The small ones, you can run on a gaming PC, have several billion parameters. The big ones, like ChatGPT, have several 100 billion. Each of these numbers is potentially involved in creating the output.
I do exactly this kind of thing for my day job. In short: reading a syntactic description of an algorithm written in assembly language is not the equivalent of understanding what you’ve just read, which in turn is not the equivalent of having a concise and comprehensible logical representation of what you’ve just read, which in turn is not the equivalent of understanding the principles according to which the logical system thus described will behave when given various kinds of input.
Because of the aforementioned
automatic feature extraction. In this case, the algorithm chooses itself what feature is relevant when making decisions. The problem is that those features are almost impossible to decript since they are often list of numbers.the algorithm chooses itself what feature is relevant when making decisions.
Can’t you determine how and why that choice is made?
The problem is that those features are almost impossible to decript since they are often list of numbers.
What if you had a team of people whose only job was to understand this? After awhile they would get better and better at it.
Here is a simple video that breaks down how neurons work in machine learning. It can give you an idea about how this works and why it would be so difficult for a human to reverse engineer. https://youtu.be/aircAruvnKk?si=RpX2ZVYeW6HV7dHv
They provide a simple example with a few thousand neurons, and even then, we can’t easily tell what the network is doing, because the neurons do not produce any traditional computer code with logic that can be followed. They are just a collection of weights and biases (a bunch of numbers) which transform the input in a some way that the computer decided that it can arrive at the solution. GPT4 contains well over a trillion neurons, for comparison.
No. The training output is essentially a set of huge matrices, and using the model involves taking your input and those matrices and chaining a lot of matrix multiplications (how many and how big they are depends on the complexity of the model) to get your result. It is just simply not possible to understand that because none of the data has any sort of fixed responsibility or correspondence with specific features.
This is probably not exactly how it works, I’m not a ML guy, just someone who watched some of those “training a model to play a computer game” videos years ago, but it should at the very least be a close enough analogy.
An oversimplification but Imagine you have an algebraic math function where every word in English can be assigned a number.
x+y+z=n where x y z are the three words in a sentence. N is the next predicted word based on the coefficients of the previous 3.
Now imagine you have 10 trillion coefficients instead of 3. That’s an LLM, more or less. Except it’s done procedurally and there’s actually not that many input variables (context window) just a lot of coefficients per input
It’s still inscrutable, but it makes more sense if you think of all these as arbitrary function approximation on higher dimension manifolds. The reason we can’t generate traditional numerical solvers for these problems is because the underlying analytical models fall apart when you over-parameterize them. Backprop is very robust at extreme parameter counts, and comes with much weaker assumptions compared to things like series decomposition, so it really just looks like a generic numerical method which can scale to absurd levels.
No ethical AI without explainable AI
no ethical people without explainable people
People are able to explain themselves, and some AI also can, with similar poor results.
I’m reminded of one of Azimov’s stories about a robot whose job was to aim an energy beam at a collector on Earth.
Upon talking to the robot, they realized that it was less of a job to the robot and more of a religion.
The inspector freaked out because this meant that the robot wasn’t performing to specs.
Spoilers: Eventually they realized that the robot was doing the job either way, and they just let it do it for whatever reason.
people are able to explain themselves
Can they though? Sure, they can come up with some reasonable sounding justification, but how many people truly know themselves well enough to have that be accurate? Is it any more accurate than asking gpt to explain itself?
I did say that people and AI would have similar poor results at explaining themselves. So we agree on that.
The one thing I’ll add is that certain people performing certain tasks can be excellent at explaining themselves, and if a specific LLM AI exists that can do that, then I’m not aware of it. I added LLM into there because I want to ensure that it’s an AI with some ability for generalized knowledge. I wouldn’t be surprised if there are very specific AIs that have been trained only to explain a very narrow thing.
I guess I’m in a mood to be reminded of old Science Fiction stories, because I’m reminded of a story where they had people who were trained to memorize situations to testify later. For some reason, I initially think it’s a hugely famous novel like Stranger in a Strange Land, but I might easily be wrong. But anyways, the example they gave in the book was that the person described a house, let’s say the house was white, then they described it as being white on the side that was facing them. The point being that they’d be explaining something as closely to right as was possible, to the point that there was no way that they’d be even partially wrong.
Anyways, that seems tangentially related at best, but the underlying connection is that people, with the right training and motivation, can be very mentally disciplined, which is unlike any AI that I know, and also probably very unlike this comment.
At least to me the exciting part is that we’re getting to a point where this is a legitimate question - regarding both us and our emerging AI’s.
I wouldn’t be surprised at all if an AI explained its own behaviour better before we can adequately understand our own minds well enough to match that logic - there’s a lot we don’t know about our own decision making processes.
technically correct
Yeah, it’s fascinating technology but also too many smokes and mirrors to trust any of the AI salesman since they can’t explain themselves exactly how it makes decisions.
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